Hi.
No, there isn't a mechanism for that (columns would need to be marked as "not important" in some way). However, you can use mappings to switch between different sets of columns:
" brief information about files
nnoremap <silent> ,b :set viewcolumns=*{name}..,6{}.<cr>
" detailed information about files
nnoremap <silent> ,d :set viewcolumns=*{name}.,10{perms},12{uname},-7{gname},10{size}.,20{mtime}<cr>
Edit: Related: issue #458 on GitHub.