For me the issue doesn't depend on color scheme, but on font. And since it's a terminal property I'm inclined to blame it on the terminal. It's possible that I don't know something and therefore doing something wrong, but I don't think I had any success with documentation on my previous attempts to make CJK work.
I tried disabling my modification that adds space and at least on Windows 7 it didn't fix this offset in ConEmu, but moved characters and made a gap right after file names. Now I remember that this is how I noticed the issue of half of the characters missing, not sure it ever worked in ConEmu at all, I could be happy fixing it for cmd.exe
in my tests.
I'll make some more tries on Windows 10, in case things became better there, and maybe try looking for example code that prints CJK successfully. If all that fails, then I won't be able to help, I just don't know why it is this way. Although, I have a feeling that it should actually work, cmd.exe can't be that broken with regards to CJK languages.
One more thing: depending on the font I also get some weirdness with Cyrillic symbols on Windows 10 ("абв", etc.) which never take more than one character position, yet they get messed up too. What the hell...