There is no command for this. :highlight just appends one more definition and :highlight clear can be used to reset all definitions.
It's easier with groups like Border because of their fixed name. But maybe we could update definition when pattern matches previous command. Vim also has:
:hi[ghlight] clear {group-name}
:hi[ghlight] {group-name} NONE
UPDATE (2017-09-03):
Development version (after v0.9) now contains:
- updating highlighting rule when pattern matches previously used one
:highlight clear {group-name} to delete filename-specific highlighting